Free Essays on Leadership Case Analysis

QUESTION #1: Compare and contrast the situations/circumstances used in the Hersey-Blanchard â€Å"Situational Leadership Model† with those of the Vroom-Jago Decision Tree Model. Will these two models suggest the same style of leadership for the same situations? Both models deal with the decision-making process. The Hersey-Blanchard theory has 4 leadership styles: telling, selling, participating, and delegating. These styles are determined by readiness levels and maturity of the workers. Telling is providing specific instructions and closely supervise performance. Selling is explaining decisions and provide opportunity for clarification. Participating is sharing ideas and facilitating in decision-making. Delegating is turning over responsibility for decisions and implementation. The Vroom-Jago Leadership Decision Tree focuses on different decision trees for individual and group decisions. The decision styles are autocratic, consultive, group, and delegative. With the Vroom-Jago model, you must consider these 3 elements: (1) specification of the criteria by which the decision effectiveness is judged, (2) a framework for describinb specific leader behaviors or styles, and (3) key diagnostic variables that describe important aspects of the leadership situation. In the Hersey model, a person that is high in job readiness has the knowledge and abilities to perfrom the job without a manager directing the work. Also, a person with high psychological readiness has self-motivation and put forth a high quality of work. The Vroom model deals with methods of approching the decision-making process and what leadership style would work the best based on the decisions. Sometimes there is no one way to solve a problem, but these models show that there is only one way to solve problems and gives managers to a â€Å"guide† to help make decisions. QUESTION #2: Using the Hersey-Blanchard, Vroom-Jago, and Fiedler models, determine which style of leadership shou... Free Essays on Leadership Case Analysis Free Essays on Leadership Case Analysis QUESTION #1: Compare and contrast the situations/circumstances used in the Hersey-Blanchard â€Å"Situational Leadership Model† with those of the Vroom-Jago Decision Tree Model. Will these two models suggest the same style of leadership for the same situations? Both models deal with the decision-making process. The Hersey-Blanchard theory has 4 leadership styles: telling, selling, participating, and delegating. These styles are determined by readiness levels and maturity of the workers. Telling is providing specific instructions and closely supervise performance. Selling is explaining decisions and provide opportunity for clarification. Participating is sharing ideas and facilitating in decision-making. Delegating is turning over responsibility for decisions and implementation. The Vroom-Jago Leadership Decision Tree focuses on different decision trees for individual and group decisions. The decision styles are autocratic, consultive, group, and delegative. With the Vroom-Jago model, you must consider these 3 elements: (1) specification of the criteria by which the decision effectiveness is judged, (2) a framework for describinb specific leader behaviors or styles, and (3) key diagnostic variables that describe important aspects of the leadership situation. In the Hersey model, a person that is high in job readiness has the knowledge and abilities to perfrom the job without a manager directing the work. Also, a person with high psychological readiness has self-motivation and put forth a high quality of work. The Vroom model deals with methods of approching the decision-making process and what leadership style would work the best based on the decisions. Sometimes there is no one way to solve a problem, but these models show that there is only one way to solve problems and gives managers to a â€Å"guide† to help make decisions. QUESTION #2: Using the Hersey-Blanchard, Vroom-Jago, and Fiedler models, determine which style of leadership shou...

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score

How Many Questions Can You Miss for a Perfect SAT Score SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Every year about 500 students get a perfect score on the SAT. How many questions can you get wrong and still be among this elite group? Find out here in a complete breakdown ofthe Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing sections across eight official SAT practice tests. How Is the SAT Scored? To understand how many questions you can get wrong and still achieve a perfect 1600, you need to understand how the test is scored. I'll give a brief summary here, but if you're interested in more details about the scoring process, check out ourguide onhow to calculate SAT score. For the whole test, you receive one point for correct answers, and you receive zero points for a wrong answer and questions skipped. Since you’re not penalized for wrong answers, skipping or answering a question incorrectly results in the same score. NOTE:The essay is not factored into your composite SAT score (400-1600 scale), so I will not discuss it further in this article. However, for more information on the new SAT essay, read our other guide. To calculate your Math section, you start by calculating a raw score, which is simply the number of questions answered correctly (if you answered 50 correctly, your raw score is 50). For the Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section, you start by calculating two raw scores: one for the Reading portion and one for the Writing and Language portion. Just as in the Math section, the raw scores are just the number of questions answered correctly. For both sections, each raw score is then converted into a scaled score - the exact conversion varies by test date. However, the College Board provides this example chart intheir SAT practice testas an estimate: Let's go through how the scoring works for each section in a bit more depth.For Math, the raw to scaled score conversion is very simple. Let’s say you miss two questions (you got 56 correct out of 58 questions); your raw score will be a 56. You then find the corresponding scaled score for Math on the chart, which is 790. Your Math section score would be a 790. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, the conversion is a little more complicated since you get two raw scores. If you missed three questions in Reading (got 49 of 52 correct), your raw score would be 49. If you missed ten questions in Writing (got 34 of 44 correct), your raw score would be 34. You then find the corresponding scaled score for each of those sections: Reading: 49 questions right = 38 scaled score Writing: 34 questions right = 32 scaled score Next, you add together the two separate scaled scores and multiply by 10 to get your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score. (38 + 32) x 10 = 70 x 10 =700 Your Evidence-Based Reading and Writing section score would be 700.Now let’s get back to the original question. Exactly How Many Questions Can You Get Wrong or Skip and Still Get a 1600? Since the scores on the individual sections are simply added together to create your composite SAT score, you need to score 800 on the two sections (Math and Evidence-Based Reading and Writing) to get a score of 1600. In the chart below, I have analyzed eight official SAT score charts and determined the number of questions you can get wrong or skip on each part of the test for an 800 in the section. These official practice SAT were written by the same people who write actual SATs. This means they're a great resource for analysis because you can be sure they'll be very similar to the SAT you take on exam day. NOTE: Since you’re not penalized for wrong answers, skipping vs. answering a question incorrectly results in the same score. Number of Questions You Can Get Wrong in Each Section and Still Get a Perfect Score Math Reading Writing Total Test 1 0 1 0 1 Test 2 0 0 0 0 Test 3 0 1 0 1 Test 4 1 0 0 1 Test 5 0 0 1 1 Test 6 0 1 0 1 Test 7 0 0 0 0 Test 8 1 0 0 1 Typically, to get an 800 in Math, you cannot miss any questions because you need to get a raw score of 58 (out of 58 questions). Occasionally, an SAT will allow you to get one wrong answer in Math as you can see on Tests 4 and 8. However, I would not count on that, as it is not the norm. If you're aiming for 1600, strive for perfection in Math. To get an 800 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you cannot get any questions wrong on the Writing and Reading portions. Occasionally, an SAT will allow you to get one wrong or to skip one as you can see on Tests 1, 3 and 5 for the Reading section, or Test 5 for the Writing section. However, as with Math, that is not the norm. If you're aiming for 1600, prepare to get zero wrong in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing. Overall, on the SAT, you should aim to get no questions wrong if you want a perfect score.This is no easy feat, but it is possible. After all, about 500 students do it each year! What Does This Mean If You'reTrying to Get a 1600? You need to make sure that you can finish the entire test in the allotted time since you cannot afford to skip or miss any questions. For Math, you need to be basically perfect. You can see, through my analysis, on six out of eight Math sections, you cannot get any questions wrong if you want an 800. For Evidence-Based Reading and Writing, you also need to be basically perfect. On three out of eight Reading portions, you could get one wrong and still get 800, but you can’t rely on having that opportunity. On seven out of eight Writing sections, you cannot get any questions wrong if you want an 800. What's Next? Trying to get a perfect SAT score? You should check out our SAT study guide. Taking the SAT soon and need to improve your score in a hurry? Read our SAT cramming guide. Aiming for the Ivy League? Read our guide to getting in! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by SAT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Analysis of Organizational Theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Organizational Theory - Article Example In business world saving time means saving money. So project managers problem is how to save time? So that they can save extra labor and power consumption which in turn results in the reduction in costs. Feasibility study plays an important role in the project development process. The feasibility study is nothing but an assessment of the product being developed in terms of the outcome, operational use and technical support in implementing the product. The criteria for feasibility study are economic feasibility, operational feasibility, and technical feasibility. The benefits or outcomes comprise economic feasibility. The total expenditure incurred in the development of the product is derived from the outcome of the product. Developing a product means changing from the old system to the new system. Development of the new product reduces processing saving the time, labor and power. In the new product, errors can be greatly reduced. Operational feasibility refers to the feasibility of the product to be operational. Technical feasibility refers whether the product supports the present market or not. It further refers to the pros and cons of the development. If the project management is unable to make significant changes in the new product then its going effect final outcome, which may result in client canceling the project. Developing a system that is more or less same as the older system is not conducive to the organization's future development. Products that work well at designing phase may not work in the implementation phase i.e. in the real-time environment. To make it work additional human resources and technical expertise may be required, which may take time and increase costs. The products developed by the organizations were tested again and again before introducing them into the real market. Generally, the products that work at initial phases fail at intermediate or final phases.

Art Versus Design Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Art Versus Design - Assignment Example Art’s depends on the viewer’s understanding and interpretation. Introduction The distinction amid design and art since their emergence in the artistic world to date has lacked clear demarcation line to numerous people. The two words seem to imply one thing whilst their definitions and implications differ variedly, besides sharing a single visual transmittance. Principally, art encompasses talent or inborn competence that differentiates one with the majority. This emanates from the ease with which one achieves certain aesthetic with minimal input. Design is a skill where one has to take formal training to have the capability to transmit the necessary information adequately. 1. Pop Art genre entails utilization of diverse pictures or images, which their exemplification tries to bring out the exact implication regarding what the picture holds (Fichner-Rathus, 2011). The profound diversity is that, this movement ignores keenness utilization of colors or other ordinary artis tic aspects to emphasize on required sensations (Comiskey, 2010). The drawn image of two hearts oozing with blood at the center tells the bitterness of emotion disconnection amid two lovers. Normally broken hearts should depict both hearts having two broken pieces especially the centre. Contrary, light green color replaces that phenomenon and a sharp, pointed hoe-like object pierces through and gives each side equal emotional pain (Raczka, 2009). The picture is similar to Pop Art due to its application of colors, where instead of utilizing red color extensively, it only chooses to apply a diverse one. According to Pop Art, any image in this genre does not exactly depict the real artist’s feeling, because he utilizes diverse non-representational shades with the absence of any restrictions (Raczka, 2009). This is evident from the drawn picture, where from keen scrutiny the core message emanates more from the outline of the image than the color. In addition, instead of the heart possess two pieces according to its title; it is intact, hence bringing someway unrealistic of any emotional disconnection (Comiskey, 2010). The shifting of color to the extreme sides and maintaining uneven distribution exemplifies emotional disconnection plus self-centered love by each partner. This confirms application of representational form to transmit varied sensations to the viewer. 2. Pop Art according to Andy Warhol, principally utilizes fresh colors, which in the viewer’s eyes will tend to emerge clearly and transmit the necessary information. Mainly, the fresh colors are non-representational; where in comparing with the nature tend to differ radically (Raczka, 2009). Because the artist does not utilize them to transmit own feelings, but concentrate on global perception regarding a certain object. This range from global icons or celebrities and materialistic gain esteemed by diverse society strata; chiefly based on tastes or preferences (Comiskey, 2010). Pop Art co mparing to other forms that existed prior its emergence in late 1950s; it defies keenness of â€Å"Abstract Expressionism†. Critics argue that, Pop Art's concentration is about global materialistic gains and lacks the necessary validity in expressing diverse aspects, which real artwork should depict. Pop Art its concentration was to impart the consumer with diverse aspects via advertisements and even equating icons with ordinary

Phonetics Case Essay Example for Free

Phonetics Case Essay Introduction The aim of this thesis is to give a systematic description of some aspects of English morphophonemic. The thesis falls into 2 chapters: The first chapter, which is an introduction, presents a short sketch of the title, the problem, the purpose of the study,phonological rules. The second chapter is devoted to some of the basic concepts required in the study of morphophonemic. It starts with various definitions of morpheme, allomorph. The thesis ends with some conclusions, a list of bibliography. Morphophonemic Analysis designates the analytic procedures whereby paradigms with phonological alternations are reduced to underlying representations and phonological rules. The term morphophonemic analysis has a now obscure origin. In the 1940s and 1950s, many phonologists worked with a theory in which (roughly) all neutralizing rules were assumed to apply before all allophonic rules. This in effect divided the phonology into two components: a neutralizing component, whose units were called morphophonemes, and a non-neutralizing component, which dealt with phonemes and allophones. This bifurcated-phonology theory is widely considered untenable today, but  morphophonemics remains a useful term for characterizing the study of neutralizing phonological rules as they apply in paradigms. When we conduct morphophonemic analysis, we seek to establish a connection between data and theory. The theory in question is that morphemes are stored in the lexicon in an invariant phonemic form, are strung together by morphological and syntactic rules, and are then converted to their surface forms by a sequence of phonological rules (often neutralizing), applied in a particular order. The purpose of morphophonemic analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that are consistent with the data; and the payoff is that seemingly complex patterns are often reduced to simplicity. Morphophonemic analysis may be contrasted with phonemic analysis. Phonemic analysis is a more limited form of phonological analysis that seeks only to discover the non-neutralizing (allophonic) rules of the phonology. In phonemic analysis, only the distribution and similarity of the phones is examined. Therefore, the data need not be grouped in paradigms, but need only comprise a sufficiently large and representative set of words. Like phonemic analysis, morphophonemic analysis can be pursued with a systematic method. The main purpose of my work consists in making exact definition of a phoneme and allophone and be able to distinguish them. To understand what is morphophonemic?   Problems of my work are: morphophonemic and morphophonological rules, types of morphophonological changes, relation between phonology and morphophonology, isolation forms, rule ordering, morphophonology and orthography. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes (minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words. Morphophonological analysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal rules that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given language. Such a series of rules  converts a theoretical underlying representation into a surface form that is actually heard. The units of which the underlying representations of morphemes are composed are sometimes called morphophonemes. The surface form produced by the morphophonological rules may consist of phonemes (which are then subject to ordinary phonological rules to produce speech sounds or phones), or else the morphophonological analysis may bypass the phoneme stage and produce the phones itself. Morphop honemes and morphophonological rules When morphemes combine, they influence each others sound structure (whether analyzed at a phonetic or phonemic level), resulting in different variant pronunciations for the same morpheme. Morphophonology attempts to analyze these processes. A languages morphophonological structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can predict every morphophonological alternation that takes place in the language. An example of a morphophonological alternation in English is provided by the plural morpheme, written as -s or -es. Its pronunciation alternates between [s], [z], and [É ªz], as in cats, dogs, and horses respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations /s/, /z/, /É ªz/. On a morphophonological level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object //z//, which is a morphophoneme. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of the morpheme to which it attaches – these dependencies are described by morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending -ed is similar – it can be pronounced [t], [d] or [É ªd], as in hoped, bobbed and added.) Note that the plural suffix -s can also influence the form taken by the preceding morpheme, as in the case of the words leaf and knife, which end with [f] in the singular, but have [v] in the plural (leaves, knives). On a morphophonological level these morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a morphophoneme //F//, which becomes voiced when a voiced consonant (in this case the //z// of the plural ending) is attached to it. This rule may be written symbolically as: /F/ - [ÃŽ ±voice] / __ [ÃŽ ±voice]. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Another common convention is double slashes (// //), as  above, implying that the transcription is more phonemic than simply phonemic. Other conventions sometimes seen are double pipes (|| ||) and curly brackets ({ }). Types of morphophonological changes Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems of morphophonemics. Examples of complex morphophonological systems include: 1. Sandhi, the phenomenon behind the English examples of plural and past tense above, is found in virtually all languages to some degree. Even Mandarin, which is sometimes said to display no morphology, nonetheless displays tone sandhi, a morphophonemic alternation. 2. Consonant gradation, found in some Uralic languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Northern Sà ¡mi, and Nganasan. 3. Vowel harmony, which occurs in varying degrees in languages all around the world, notably Turkic languages. 3. Ablaut, found in English and other Germanic languages. Ablaut is the phenomenon wherein stem vowels change form depending on context, as in English sing, sang, sung. Relation between phonology and morphophonology Until the 1950s, many phonologists assumed that neutralizing rules generally applied before allophonic rules. Thus phonological analysis was split into two parts: a morphophonological part, where neutralizing rules were developed to derive phonemes from morphophonemes; and a purely phonological part, where phones were derived from the phonemes. Since the 1960s (in particular with the work of the generative school, such as Chomsky and Halles The Sound Pattern of English) many linguists have moved away from making such a split, instead regarding the surface phones as being derived from the underlying morphophonemes (which may be referred to using various terminology) through a single system of (morpho)phonological rules. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic analysis the words must be considered in grammatical paradigms to take account of the underlying morphemes. It is postulated that morphemes are recorded in the speakers lexicon in an invariant (morphophonemic) form, which, in a given environment, is converted by rules into a surface form. The analyst attempts  to present as completely as possible a system of underlying units (morphophonemes) and a series of rules that act on them, so as to produce surface forms consistent with the linguistic data. Isolation forms The isolation form of a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation (when not subject to the effects of any other morpheme). In the case of a bound morpheme, such as the English past tense ending -ed, it will generally not be possible to identify an isolation form, since such a morpheme does not occur in isolation. It is often reasonable to assume that the isolation form of a morpheme provides its underlying representation. For example, in some American English, plant is pronounced [plà ¦nt], while planting is [ˈplà ¦nÉ ªÃ…‹], where the morpheme plant- appears in the form [plà ¦n]. Here the underlying form can be assumed to be //plà ¦nt//, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form [plà ¦n] from this (while it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form [plà ¦nt] from an underlying //plà ¦n//). This is not always the case, however; sometimes the isolation form itself is subject to neutralization that does not apply to some other instances of the morpheme. For example, the French word petit (small) is pronounced in isolation without the final [t] sound, although in certain derived forms (such as the feminine petite) the [t] is heard. If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final t would be lost, and it would be hard to explain the appearance of the t in the inflected forms. Rule ordering Morphophonological rules are generally considered to apply in a set order. This means that the application of one rule may sometimes either prevent or enable the application of another rule provided the rules are appropriately ordered. If the ordering of two rules is such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of making it possible to apply the second, then the rules are said to be in feeding order. For example, if a language has an apocope rule (A) which deletes a final vowel, and a cluster reduction rule (CR) that reduces a final consonant cluster, then the rules are in feeding order if A precedes CR, since the application of A can enable application of CR (for example, a word ending /-rpa/ is not itself subject  to CR, since the consonant cluster is not final, but if A is applied to it first, leaving /-rp/, then CR can apply). Here rule A is said to feed rule CR. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible feeding (in this case, if CR applies before A) then they are said to be in counter-feeding order. On the other hand, if rules are ordered such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of preventing application of the second, then the rules are said to be in bleeding order. For example, if a language has an epenthesis rule (E) that inserts a /w/ before certain vowels, and a vowel deletion rule (D) that deletes one of two consecutive vowels, then the rules are in bleeding order if E precedes D, since the application of E can prevent application of D (for example, a word containing /-iu-/ would be subject to D, but if E is applied to it first, leaving /-iwu-/, then D can no longer apply). Here rule E is said to bleed rule D. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible bleeding (in this case, if D applies before E) then they are said to be in counter-bleeding order. The terminology of feeding and bleeding is also applied to other linguistic rules, such as those of historical sound changes. Morphophonology and orthography The principle behind alphabetic writing systems is that the letters (graphemes) represent phonemes. However in many orthographies based on such systems the correspondences between graphemes and phonemes are not exact, and it is sometimes the case that certain spellings better represent a words morphophonological structure rather than the purely phonological. An example of this is that the English plural morpheme is written -s regardless of whether it is pronounced as /s/ or /z/; we write cats and dogs, not dogz. The above example involves active morphology (inflection), and morphophonemic spellings are common in this context in many languages. Another type of spelling that can be described as morphophonemic is the kind that reflects the etymology of words. Such spellings are particularly common in English; examples include science /saÉ ª/ vs. unconscious /ÊÆ'/, prejudice /prÉ›/ vs. prequel /priË /, sign /saÉ ªn/ signature /sÉ ªÃ‰ ¡n/, nation /neÉ ª/ vs. nationalism /nà ¦/, and special /spÉ›/ vs. species /spiË /. Conclusions according to this chapter Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies: 1. The phonological structure of morphemes. 2. The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which happen when they are combined. 3. The alternative series which serve a morphological function. Examples of a morphophonological alternatives in English include these distinctions: Plurals -es and -s, as in bus, buses, vs. bun, buns. Plural of -f is -ves, as in leaf, leaves. Different pronunciations for the past tense marker -ed. English, having lost its inflection, does not have much morphophonology. Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems, e.g., consonant gradation. A morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment. Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules. Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic. The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]: /in-/ + responsible irresponsible /in-/ + logical illogical Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il] and [ir] of the prefix /in-/. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. When morphemes are clustered or grouped in words than changes in the phonological structures of these words occur. Such changes are called morphophonemic changes. Assuming that we allow phonological rules to apply in sequence, we can cycle through them using the output of the first rule as the input to the second. For many cases in the data set, at most one phonological rule introduces a structural change. But in cog, tail, or comb we see a single derivation that involves both rules. Furthermore, such cases are not rare in English. Any word that begins with a voiceless stop and contains a vowel that precedes a voiced consonant will require the application of both rules. We use cog as an illustrative example: Allophone Central to the concept of the phoneme is the idea that it may be pronounced in many different ways. In English (BBC pronunciation) we take it for granted that the r sounds in ‘ray’ and ‘tray’ are â€Å"the same sound† (i.e. the same phoneme), but in reality the two sounds are very different – the r in ‘ray’ is voiced and non-fricative, while the r sound in ‘tray’ is voiceless and fricative. In phonemic transcription we use the same symbol r for both, but we know that the allophones of r include the voiced nonfricative sound É ¹ and the voiceless fricative one . In theory a phoneme can have an infinite number of allophones, but in practice for descriptive purposes we tend to concentrate on a small number that occur most regularly. Phoneme This is the fundamental unit of phonology, which has been defined and used in many different ways. Virtually all theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into a string of sound units (phonemes), and that each language has a small, relatively fixed set of these phonemes. Most phonemes can be put into groups; for example, in English we can identify a group of plosive phonemes p, t, k, b, d a group of voiceless fricatives f, ÃŽ ¸, s, ÊÆ', h, and so on. An important question in phoneme theory is how the analyst can establish what the phonemes of a language are. The most widely accepted view is that phonemes are contrastive and one must find cases where the difference between two words is dependent on the difference between two phonemes: for example, we can prove that the difference between ‘pin’ and ‘pan’ depends on the vowel and that i and are different phonemes. Pairs of words that differ in just one phoneme are known as minimal pairs. We can establish the same fact about p and b by citing ‘pin’ and ‘bin’. Of course, you can only start doing commutation tests like this when you have a provisional list of possible phonemes to test, so some basic phonetic analysis must precede this stage. Other fundamental concepts used in phonemic analysis of this sort are complementary distribution, free variation, distinctive feature and allophone. Different analyses of a language are possible: in the case of English some phonologists claim that there are only six vowel phonemes, others that there are twenty or more (it depends on whether you count diphthongs and long vowels as single phonemes or as combinations of two phonemes). It used to be said that learning the  pronunciation of a language depended on learning the individual phonemes of the language, but this â€Å"building-block† view of pronunciation is looked on no wadays as an unhelpful oversimplification. Phonemics When the importance of the phoneme became widely accepted, in the 1930s and 40s, many attempts were made to develop scientific ways of establishing the phonemes of a language and listing each phoneme’s allophones; this was known as phonemics. Nowadays little importance is given to this type of analysis, and it is considered a minor branch of phonology, except for the practical purpose of devising writing systems for previously unwritten languages. Conclusion: An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. A phone is one of many possible sounds in the languages of the world. Phonemics a branch of linguistic analysis involving the study of phonemes, the structure of a language in terms of phonemes. General conclusion Morphophonemics, in linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology and phonology. Morphophonemics involves an investigation of the phonological variations within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical functions; e.g., the vowel changes in â€Å"sleep† and â€Å"slept,† â€Å"bind† and â€Å"bound,† â€Å"vain† and â€Å"vanity,† and the consonant alternations in â€Å"knife† and â€Å"knives,† â€Å"loaf† and â€Å"loaves.† The ways in which the morphemes of a language are variously represented by phonemic shapes can be regarded as a kind of code. This code is the morphophonemic system of the language. The morphophonemics of English is never so simple. There are always many instances of two or more morphemes represented by the same phonemic shape, and there are always cases in which a single morpheme is represented now by one phonemic shape, now by another. Therefore the morphophonemics of English is never trivial. Literature: 1. Hayes, Bruce (2009). Morphophonemic Analysis Introductory Phonology, pp. 161–185. Blackwell. 2. R. Jakobson, C. G. Fant, and M. Halle, Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, Fundamentals of Language (Mouton and Company, The Hague, 1956). 3. P. Roach (2004). â€Å"English Phonetics and Phonology†, Cambridge. 4. www.wikipedia.ru 5. www.sil.org 6. www.msu.edu

El Ninos Wrath :: essays research papers

El Nino’s Wrath Microscopic, photosynthetic phytoplankton produce seventy one percent of the world’s Oxygen. A reduction in the world’s phytoplankton population would be detrimental to all terrestrial and aquatic life. The event known as El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a complex interplay between the ocean and the atmosphere causing a reversal in the trade winds, which in turn moves warm water masses to opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean. Better known for it’s atmospheric effects, El Nino also plays an important role in reducing the phytoplankton population. El Nino halts the process of upwelling, which moves nutrient rich water from the deep, up to the surrface. Upwelling is essential for the production of phytoplankton. Without phytoplankton as the base of the food chain in the ocean, all other aquatic life would cease to exist. El Nino can be attributed to the increase of global warming caused by Carbon Dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. El Nino will continue to i ncrease proportionaly to the Earth’s rising temperature and thus, reducing the world’s phytoplankton population; resulting in catastrophic ecological effects as the base of the ocean’s food chain continues to be destroyed. Winds affect upwelling. Winds that blow along the coasts of North and South America drag the water along with them. â€Å"The Earth’s rotation then deflects the resulting surface currents away from the coastlines.† (Wallace 11) Because the surface water moves away, colder, nutrient-rich water comes up from below and replaces the previous warm water, a phenomenon known as upwelling. (Wallace 11) Basically, the wind blows towards the equator and the rotation of the Earth pulls the water away from land similar to the way a cube of ice stays in one place as you rotate a glass of water. The glass could be interpreted as the Earth, and the ice cube as the mass of water. Relative to the glass, the ice or water stays in one spot as the glass or Earth rotates around. The winds that blow along the equator also affect the properties of upwelled water and also the food chain. â€Å"Without wind, the dividing layer between the warm surface water and the deep cold water, known as the thermocline, would be nearly flat; but the winds drag the surface water westward, raising the thermocline nearly all the way up to the surface in the east and depressing it in the west. The cold water below the thermocline is rich in nutrients.

Pest Tesco Pakistan

Marketing Planning in a Global Environment Group Assignment No: 1 Topic: What is the purpose of a Political, Economic, Social and Technical (PEST) environmental analysis for companies in relation to their global (marketing) strategy? Present a PEST analysis for ONE of the following four companies: the computer chip manufacturer Intel the train operator Scotrail the food etc. retailer Tesco the book shop retailer John Smiths {draw:frame} Group Members: Bushra Yaseen Naureen Ruftaj Mahmood Ali Suhaib Hussain Baluch Submitted to: Sushil Mohan Dated: 26/February/2010 {pcut:paragraph_to_cut} Introduction: The assignment aims to apply the PEST analysis for TESCO (a British international grocery and general merchandising retail chain) if they were to launch the stores in Pakistan. The assignment takes into consideration all the factors (Political, Economical, Social & Technological) which might affect Tesco when it starts operating in Pakistan. {draw:frame} {draw:custom-shape} {draw:frame} What is PEST? Why Pest is used? PEST is an abbreviation of political, economical, social and technological analysis which describes the macro environment factors used to conduct a strategic analysis or performing market research. Political Analysis includes political stability, legal framework for contract enforcement, intellectual property protection, trade regulations & tariffs, pricing regulations, taxation – tax rates and incentives, wage legislation – minimum wage and overtime, product labelling requirements, environmental regulations. Economical Analysis includes type of economic system in countries of operation, government intervention in the free market, exchange rates & stability of host country currency, efficiency of financial markets, infrastructure quality, skill level of workforce, labour costs, business cycle stage, economic growth rate, unemployment rate, inflation rate, interest rates. Social Analysis includes demographics, class structure, education, culture (gender roles, etc. ), entrepreneurial spirit, attitudes (health, environmental consciousness, etc. Technological Analysis includes recent technological developments, technology's impact on product offering, impact on cost structure, impact on value chain Structure, rate of Technological Diffusion, technological Knowhow. Advantages of PEST Analysis It facilitates an understanding of the wider business environment. It encourages the development of external thinking and strategic thinking. It can enable an organization to anticipate the future busine ss threats and take action to avoid or minimize their impact. It can enable the organization to spot the new business opportunities and make use of them fully. {draw:frame} Introduction of TESCO Tesco, the leading Britain retailer commenced its business in 1919 in East London by Jack Cohen. Tesco now has 4308 stores with approx 440,000 employees. It is basically a retail service provider but it has diversified itself in telecom sector, health sector, clothing sector, hosieries, dental plans, DVDs, Internet services, financial services, pharmacy, car insurance, music downloads and software. Tesco is providing the products and services as per changing consumers’ needs and demands therefore; Tesco wants to facilitate its customers as much as it can. Mission: ‘Creating value for customers, to earn their lifetime loyalty’. Vision and Values: Our core purpose is to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty. We do this through our values and code of conduct, the way we choose to work at Tesco. Our values are summed up in two phrases – ‘no-one tries harder for customers’ and ‘treat people how we like to be treated’. Tesco’s stores are divided into the six following types: Tesco extra stores are larger in size (located away from main city centres) and have all Tesco’s product range. Tesco superstores are mainly having grocery items and a small range of non-food items. Tesco Metro stores are located in city centres and high streets. These stores are medium in size and offer limited range of items. Tesco Express stores are smaller in size to facilitate the customers on Esso petrol stations and small shopping places located in residential areas. One Stop stores are smallest in size and are part of Tesco Express. Tesco Homeplus stores offer all of Tesco's ranges except food in warehouse-style units in retail parks. *Marketing Objectives:* Increased Profitability Growth in Market share Emergence in new markets Customer advocacy Respected company/ brand awareness. Employees growth and motivation Emerging in new markets is the main focus of Tesco’s future planning. Initially the global expansion plan of Tesco was not successful but later on Tesco started the localization of its products and stores as per global markets. The global market strategy of Tesco is the growth in grocery items, non-food items, international expansion and other services offered by it. Tesco’s Global Presence (Appendix C) Political Factors The following are the Political factors regarding the Pakistani government which are likely to influence the operations of Tesco when they decide to launch its store chain in Pakistan. Political Instability: The political instability is the major factor of low foreign investment in the Pakistan. It creates uncertainty in the minds of investors. Because political uncertainty refers to the reaction by people to any change in the political scenario. The reaction can be in the form of protests or rallies in which the properties of government along with others have been destroyed in the past by the angry mob of people. This has resulted into the loss of millions and billions of Dollars to the companies. Tesco needs to keep in mind that in Pakistan if there is any instability politically, foreign companies get affected the most. It is very difficult for the government to provide foolproof security to their stores. Threat of change in Government: The rules and policies (Tax rates) given by the government also changes by the change of the authority or government. Bargaining Power on Taxing: Since the Government is encouraging the Foreign Investments and new entrants in the field of departmental stores (Cash & Carry) therefore, Tesco can use its power of being a huge foreign investor to have tax rates which are lesser than others. Keeping in mind the current situation of foreign investments (very low) the government might offer a lesser tax rate to Tesco. Fluctuation in Trade policy: There is very high frequency of changing trade policies in Pakistan. The fluctuation in trade policy results into an imbalance between exports and imports. Economic Factors Inflation Rate: The inflation rates gives an idea about the price increase over the past few years and it tells that at the moment in Pakistan it stands at 10. 3% approximately which is quite high. For a country that has such high inflation rates, it gets really difficult to operate at lower prices. Cost of Security: Tesco would have to spend a lot of money on the security because as Tesco is a foreign brand a lot of security threats would be faced by Tesco. Since the government is unable to provide foolproof so Tesco would have to engage a private company for its stores which would increase cost. Fluctuating Exchange Rates: Devaluation of money (Cost of Capital goes down) and increasing exchange rate discourages the investors to invest in Pakistan’s market. Cost on Energy: The country is also suffering from Energy crisis (Electricity) so this would give rise to a problem of Electricity in Stores. There is load shedding of electricity of minimum of 6-8 hours in urban areas. Therefore, an alternative source of generators would have to be used by Tesco for their stores. Which would result into an increase in cost of Tesco and since Tesco stores remain opened for 24 hours, therefore, their charges for electricity (which would be on generators) would be doubled Intense Competition: Tesco is likely to face a very intense competition from all areas. There are cash and carry stores already located in the major cities of Pakistan (one in each) like Makro and Hyper star. Apart from that there are a very huge number of retailers present in every town (almost in every other street). For consumers, switching costs might increase if they plan to purchase a product from Tesco. The switching cost can be higher in terms of time and the distance. Purchasing Power: Tesco might need to look into the purchasing power of consumers in Pakistan. The purchasing power would help Tesco to determine the size of the potential market (revenues). Socio-Cultural Environment Behaviour of Pakistani Consumers: First of all society and the culture of Pakistan and its markets are not as much adaptive to changes. So it would be difficult for Tesco to get sales. Convenience of Time & Distance: The habit of Pakistanis is to buy goods from the nearest market on the day to day basis in order to save time and cost of travelling to a megastore which might be located far away from them. The Power of ‘Credit Sales**’: Another problem which Tesco might face is that there is a trend in Pakistan of consumers that they buy groceries from local retailers on credit and pay them back after they get their salaries. Bulk Shopping: Most Pakistani consumers lack the concept of bulk shopping. It is not in their culture to shop in high quantities. Since the purchasing power of majority of people is not very high so they prefer to buy items day by day (as and when needed). Creating Demand for ready cooked Tesco’s food products: It has been observed that in UK and other European countries there is a huge demand of Tesco’s ready cooked meals. But if we look at the social behaviour (taste) of Pakistani consumers it still reflects the conventional ways of food consumptions (3 heavy meals / day). Consumers like to cook themselves at their homes. The existing culture as far as the consumption of food items is concerned might pose few problems for Tesco. *Culture for *24 hour* shopping*: Tesco might find it hard to attract consumers at night because it is not in the culture of Pakistani people to shop late at night. They shop during the day timings or evenings and prefer to stay home take rest at night so Tesco would certainly need to do something to change this habit of Pakistani Consumers. Technological Environment Online Shopping: Tesco would have to invest a lot of money if they decide to serve customers through online shopping. The reason being that it is very difficult (Costly) for them to set up an Information Technology infrastructure which would enable them to serve customers through internet. Payments through Debit Card: Another area in which they might need to focus on is payments through debit cards like they have this facility in their stores in other countries. Since megastores generate a lot of revenue through impulse buying as well so the consumers might not carry cash for such purchases. In order to avoid losing customers, Tesco would have to create an arrangement with the banks in a way that it enables the customers to use their debit card while making purchases at Tesco. Installation of Security Equipment: By considering the current security situation of the country, Tesco would be required to install latest expensive security equipments such as Closed Circuit Television (CCTV), scanners, metal detectors. Etc Solar Energy as source of Electricity: Since electricity is a problem in Pakistan, what Tesco can do is that they can install the solar energy lit appliances to utilize solar energy to generate electricity. Since the weather of Pakistan is mostly sunny, we believe Tesco can make use of this technology to benefit itself. Conclusions & Recommendations After carrying out the PEST analysis for Tesco on Pakistan we came up to few recommendations. It is advised that Tesco should launch its retail chain in Pakistan because Pakistan like other developing countries is a high potential market (in terms of revenues) for the investors. We have also observed that Carrefour has launched Hyperstar which is doing very well in terms of revenue generation and profits. Since it is not a good time as far as the political environment is concerned and foreign investors are not willing to invest in Pakistan so this might help Tesco to have tax rates lower than others or they might negotiate with the Government of Pakistan to raise a barrier for new retail store entrants for particular years so that Tesco establishes itself properly and achieves economies of scale (which would serve as a barrier to new entrants) Since Tesco is open 24 hours a day so they would need double resources (in terms of Technological & Human Capital) but it might not be a good option in Pakistan because mostly consumers in Pakistan do not prefer to shop late at night because issues like security and others. So we suggest Tesco to operate 12-16 hours per day. This way Tesco would be able save a huge amount of cost which would have been incurred by just operating 24 hours a day. We believe Tesco should launch its operations into Pakistani market in order to follow their growth strategy through international expansion. We are very sure that Tesco will be able to gain a decisive amount of market share in order to show its dominance in Pakistan. APPENDIX A {draw:frame} APPENDIX B Application of PEST Business planning , {text:list-item} Marketing planning, {text:list-item} Product development, {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Organizational change, {text:list-item} Research reports. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} APPENDIX C {draw:frame} This table is taken from Tesco Preliminary Results 2008/09 Additional Information REFERENCES Websites: http://www. tescocorporate. om/plc/ir/pres_results/analyst_packs/ap2009/prelim09/prelim09. pdf http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PEST_analysis http://www. mindtools. com/pages/article/newTMC_09. htm http://www. cbr. gov. pk/ *Author & Textbooks*: Kotler, P. , and Keller, K. L. (2006) Marketing Management, 12th ed, Prentice Hall, London. AGUILAR, F. J. (1967) Scanning the business environment. New York: Macmillan. Johnson, G. , Scholes, K. , and Whittington R. (2008) Exploring Corporate Strategy Text Cases, 8th ed, Prentice Hall, London. Narayanan, V. K, and Fahey, L. (2001) Macro environmental_ Analysis_: Understanding the Environment Outside the Industry, in The Portable MBA in Strategy, 2nd ed, John Wiley & Sons, New York.

Religious Diversity in Bangladesh

Bangladesh is a small country in Asia, with the major population to be Muslim (80%). However, it is also the home of other religious groups, mainly Hindu, with a population of about 16% and also Christians and Buddhists with small percentage. Minorities include Biharis and tribal; among the tribal Chakma is the largest. In general, this country never had major issues regarding religious diversity; but to know the opinion of people in general, we interviewed a Muslim housewife, a Christian woman working at a beauty parlor, and a Hindu university student. We asked them a number of questions about their religious festivals, faith, and opinion on other religions and cultural differences. According to our gathered answers, the main two festivals for Muslims are- Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul_Azha; for Hinduism- Durga and Kali puja; for Christians- Christmas and Easter. Overall they all showed respect towards other religion and said that Bangladesh is receptive to diversity. The student felt that religion is indeed a major cause for unrest around the world. The opinion of the Muslim lady and the Christian student matched as they said that to keep peace intact, we should not criticize other religions and not say anything offensive about them. Everyone has their own belief and they are right on their positions. Therefore, we should not feel ourselves superior to others. Regarding culture, there are a number of differences in eating habits, dress up and daily life. Bangladeshi people are fond of rice, vegetables and fish basically. However, Hindu people are fond of chapatti (a form of bread) and sweet dishes; Christians like wine a lot and they eat bread and drink wine to remember Jesus, this is called- Communion. Muslim ladies wear saree or salwar kameez mainly, and at times they wear a veil (knowh as nakab) to cover their faces. Hindu gents wear dhoti, a white cloth wrapped around the lower part of their bodies, and Punjabi during their puja or other various festivals. The marriages also differ significantly; Christian brides wear white on their wedding day, whereas in Hinduisim, white is worn by widows. Every religion is different. They are unique in their own ways, with the faith, colours and in their way of practice. There are many Masjids, mandirs, Temples and Churches in Bangladesh; all different in their decoration and followers. But at the end of the day, it all comes to one conclusion- Humanity. No matter which religion we belong to, or whether we worship ALLAH, RAM or JESUS- we are humans, created by the same God, and thus should live together in harmony, show respect to others and maintain an unbreakable unity, not only in the country, but also in the world as a whole. Related article: Padma Bridge

protista fiction story essays

protista fiction story essays There is a small kingdom I once new by the name of Protista. It was an interesting kingdom full of Protists. But the Protists were divided into three gangs. You were either a Blood (animal-like), a Photo Sin (plant-like), or a Mush (fungus-like). You had no choice in the matter. You were born one and you died one. The Bloods had three main guys who would lead the people into victory or chaos. They were Rhizopoda, Ciliophora, and Zoomastigina. If you were on another side, you would not want to mess with these guys. Rhizopoda was big and dumb, but if you got too close to him he would surround you with his pseudopods; otherwise known as his endocytosis attack. Ciliophora may be smaller than Rhizo, but he was a lot faster and smarter. Plus, he had these spear-like objects, or trichocysts, that he could shoot out of his body to kill an enemy. The other two would be paired with one of them to double team the enemy if the need be; that would rarely happen. The Photo Sins were not a group to be messed with alone because they always traveled in packs. The leading pack consisted of Euglenophyta, Bacillariophyta, Dinoflagellata, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, and Chlorophyta. They would really pack a punch all together and would not let you escape if they caught you. A Mush was not very threatening considering you never saw them much. They were lead by Myxomycota, Ascrasiomycota, Oomycota. We all guessed that they were too ashamed of their names to come out and fight us; so we left them alone. Fights had been going on for years as they all tried to dominate one thing or another. Until one day, Miss Plasmodium Sporozoa came into town. Everyone knew she was a Blood, but no one wanted to tell her the rules of this here kingdom. They were all too afraid; they knew she was nothing but walking trouble. She poisoned everyone in that kingdom. The poison inside would reproduce so much that they would explode. ...

DLL and ActiveX Controls From a Delphi Application

DLL and ActiveX Controls From a Delphi Application A popular feature of Delphi  is the project deployment of an application with an executable file (exe).   However, if the DLL or ActiveX controls in your project are not registered on the users’ machines, an â€Å"EOleSysError† will be displayed in response to running the exe file.  To avoid this, use the regsvr32.exe command-line tool. RegSvr32.exe Command Manually using regsvr32.exe (Windows.Start - Run) will register and unregister self-registerable   DLL and ActiveX controls on a system. Regsvr32.exe instructs the system to attempt to load the component and call its DLLSelfRegister function. If this attempt is successful, Regsvr32.exe displays a dialog indicating success. RegSvr32.exe has the following command-line options:   Regsvr32 [/u] [/s] [/n] [/i[:cmdline]] dllname /s - Silent; display no message boxes /u - Unregister server /i - Call DllInstall passing it an optional [cmdline]; when used with /u calls dll uninstall /n - do not call DllRegisterServer; this option must  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   be used with /i   Call RegSvr32.exe Within Delphi code To call the regsvr32 tool within Delphi code, use the â€Å"RegisterOCX† function to execute a file and wait for the execution to finish. This is how the RegisterOCX procedure could look: procedure RegisterOCX; type TRegFunc function : HResult; stdcall; var ARegFunc : TRegFunc; aHandle : THandle; ocxPath : string; begin try ocxPath : ExtractFilePath(Application.ExeName) Flash.ocx; aHandle : LoadLibrary(PChar(ocxPath)); if aHandle 0 then begin ARegFunc : GetProcAddress(aHandle,DllRegisterServer); if Assigned(ARegFunc) then begin ExecAndWait(regsvr32,/s ocxPath); end; FreeLibrary(aHandle); end; except ShowMessage(Format(Unable to register %s, [ocxPath])); end; end; Note: the ocxPath variable points to the Flash.ocx Macromedia OCX. To be able to register itself, an OCX must implement the DllRegisterServer function to create registry entries for all the classes inside the control. Do not worry about the DllRegisterServer function, just make sure it is there. For the sake of simplicity, it is presumed that the OCX is located in the same folder as where the application is. The ExecAndWait line in the above code calls the regsvr32 tool by passing the /s switch along with the full path to the OCX. The function is ExecAndWait. uses shellapi; ... function ExecAndWait(const ExecuteFile, ParamString : string): boolean; var SEInfo: TShellExecuteInfo; ExitCode: DWORD; begin FillChar(SEInfo, SizeOf(SEInfo), 0); SEInfo.cbSize : SizeOf(TShellExecuteInfo); with SEInfo do begin fMask : SEE_MASK_NOCLOSEPROCESS; Wnd : Application.Handle; lpFile : PChar(ExecuteFile); lpParameters : PChar(ParamString); nShow : SW_HIDE; end; if ShellExecuteEx(SEInfo) then begin repeat Application.ProcessMessages; GetExitCodeProcess(SEInfo.hProcess, ExitCode); until (ExitCode STILL_ACTIVE) or Application.Terminated; Result:True; end else Result:False; end; The ExecAndWait function uses the ShellExecuteEx API call to execute a file on a system. For more examples of executing any file from Delphi, check out how to execute and run applications and files from Delphi code. Flash.ocx Inside Delphi Exe If there is a need to register an ActiveX control on ​the user’s machine, then make sure the user has the OCX the program requires by placing the entire ActiveX (or DLL) inside the application’s exe as a resource. When the OCX is stored inside the exe, it is easy to extract, save to disk, and call the RegisterOCX procedure.

Shop Class as Soulcraft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shop Class as Soulcraft - Essay Example With the push to use your brain instead of your brawn this society seems to be slowly devaluing work done by your own hands. Work that would have been considered noble fifty years ago, perhaps even prestigious, is viewed as somewhat beneath us today. So is this just society moving on, using forward thinking to advance, or is America slowly digging its way into a hole that it will one day have to climb out of? After taking a peak at our country fifty years ago, where it is today, and where its heading, our society may want to reconsider reinstating shop class over the latest technology class in our educational system. Fifty years ago a little over forty percent of Americans were â€Å"blue collar workers† and people employed in the farm sector in 1947 stood at 7.9 million (About). Sixty percent of Americans owned their own home, at this time and the majority also had a retirement of some sort (Young, and Young). The average male could not only change his own flat tire, but due to the fact that the majority of cars driven in America were American made, they also had the knowledge and resources to fix the majority of other problems that arouse in their vehicles. At that time no job was considered unreasonable or too lowly if it was a means to support your family. In actuality many people took pride in what they could build or do themselves. Schools also prided themselves in not only teaching the basics: reading, writing, and arithmetic, but also in offering classes in the vocational since, such as shop, agriculture, and mechanics. It was out of this, â€Å"do it yourself† era that America made its climb to the number one spot in world power and recognition. America was leading the way in the automotive, industrial, and agricultural industries, and there was no need to outsource because the American people were more than capable and willing to do the work themselves. Now we fast forward through the eighties were the push became to, â€Å"Prepare Kids for High-Tech and the Global Future.† During this time it was decided as a society that technology was were our future was heading and the need for people to do the work themselves was a thing of the past. So slowly classes such as shop and agriculture were taken out of the mainstream public school system and replaced with computer technology and literacy. Now we arrive in present day were it is estimated that we are actually the first generation since the formation of this country expected to make less that their parents. 9.1 percent of people who graduated from college in 2009 are still unemployed and only 24 % of the people who applied for jobs upon graduating in 2010 reported getting one (Greenhouse). These people graduated with all the right mental skills, and were promised hope for great careers and lives, and now they have nothing to do. In fact 8.7 of the people on unemployment in 2010 have some kind of higher education (Table A-4). There is a push to stop outsourcing and immigration because it’s, â€Å"taking jobs away from the American people†. The majority of the jobs, however, that are outsourced, or worked by those from other countries, are in fact blue collar jobs. If in today’s society the typical middle aged American male can’t, or won’t, change his own tire will he really be willing or able to work these jobs if presented? It is no doubt that this generation is far more